![]() ![]() ![]() In the early 13th century, a new wave of invaders, the armies of the Mongol Empire, mainly Turkic, swept through the region. The dominance of the Arabs came to a sudden end in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq dynasty. ![]() From the 7th century, a new power was rising in the Middle East, that of Islam. From the 3rd century up to the course of the 7th century AD, the entire Middle East was dominated by the Byzantines and the Sasanian Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire, today commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, ruling from the Balkans to the Euphrates, became increasingly defined by and dogmatic about Christianity, gradually creating religious rifts between the doctrines dictated by the establishment in Constantinople and believers in many parts of the Middle East. In the 1st century BC, the expanding Roman Republic absorbed the whole Eastern Mediterranean, which included much of the Near East. From the early 7th century BC and onward, the Iranian Medes followed by the Achaemenid Empire and other subsequent Iranian states and empires dominated the region. Mesopotamia was home to several powerful empires that came to rule almost the entire Middle East-particularly the Assyrian Empires of 1365–1076 BC and the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911–609 BC. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. Sumerians were the first people to develop complex systems as to be called "Civilization", starting as far back as the 5th millennium BC. ![]()
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